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Li Peng
Li Peng (born 20 October 1928) served as the fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China, between 1987 and 1998, and the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, China's top legislative body, from 1998 to 2003. For much of the 1990s Li was ranked second in the Communist Party of China (CPC) hierarchy behind then Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin. He retained his seat on the CPC Politburo Standing Committee until 2002.
Li was the son of an early Communist revolutionary, but was orphaned as a child when his father was executed by the Kuomintang. After meeting Zhou Enlai in Sichuan Li was raised by Zhou and his wife, Deng Yingchao. Li was trained to be an engineer in the USSR and worked at an important national power company after he returned to China. He escaped the political turmoil of the 1950s, '60s, and '70s due to his political connections and his employment in the company. After Deng Xiaoping became China's leader in the late 1970s, Li took a number of increasingly important and powerful political positions, eventually leading to him becoming premier in 1987.
As Premier, Li was the most visible representative of China's government who backed the use of force to quell the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. During the protests Li used his authority as premier to declare martial law; and, in cooperation with Deng Xiaoping, who was the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, he ordered the June 1989 military crackdown against student pro-democracy demonstrators in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Li advocated for a largely conservative approach to Chinese economic reform, which placed him at odds with General Secretary Zhao Ziyang, who fell out of favour in 1989. After Zhao was removed from office Li promoted a conservative socialist economic agenda, but lost influence to incoming vice-premier Zhu Rongji and was unable to prevent the increasing free-market liberalization of the Chinese economy. During his time in office he was at the helm of the controversial Three Gorges Dam project. He and his family managed a large Chinese power monopoly, which the Chinese government broke up after his term as premier expired.
==Childhood==
Li was born as Li Yuanpeng () in Shanghai, but with ancestral roots in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province.〔''Xinhuanet''〕 He is a Hakka, the son of writer Li Shuoxun, one of the earliest CPC revolutionaries,〔''CNN.com''〕 who was the political commissar of the Twentieth Division during the Nanchang Uprising.〔Barnouin and Yu 126〕 In 1931 Li was orphaned at age three when his father was executed by the Kuomintang for treason and for support of armed splittism.〔Fang and Fang 66〕 It was generally believed that Li was adopted by Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao, but this was refuted by Li himself in 2014 in his own memoirs. According to Li, he met Deng in Chengdu in 1939, who then took him to Changchun to meet Zhou. Zhou was in the Communist base of Yan'an, and they did not meet until late 1940.〔Li〕 In 1941, when Li was twelve, Zhou sent Li to Yan'an, where Li studied until 1945.〔 As a seventeen-year-old, in 1945, Li joined the Communist Party of China.〔Mackerras, McMillen, and Watson 136〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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